The Tragic Flaw Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare - 774 Words

A tragic flaw is a deficiency in a person that brings them sorrow and misery. A high percentage of individuals have some type of tragic flaw that earns them misery, wether it be a relatively small issue like being a tad lazy, or something bigger like showing open contempt for others. Both these flaws are a detriment to individuals and will hinder them in their lives. In the play, Hamlet there are a number of characters that have tragic flaws, including Gertrude and her inability to be loyal and Polonius and his meddling in affairs of others. The character with a tragic flaw that is portrayed most vividly by William Shakespeare is Hamlet. Hamlet’s tragic flaw is his tendency to overthink scenarios and decisions, while procrastinating any real action, which leads in part to his eventual murder. Hamlet was shocked to hear of his fathers death and even more shocked when the ghost of King Hamlet told the truth of his murder at the hands of Claudius. Hamlet was enraged and swore to his father he would avenge his death, â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I, with wings as swift as meditation or the thoughts of love, may sweep to my revenge.† The play could have been over and done soon after this but, through overthinking Hamlet manages to draw the revenge out for quite some time. A portion of Hamlets idleness is before he is actually certain of Claudius’ guilt. Even though the ghost has told him of the murder Hamlet is wary and wants to make sure the ghost isn’t the devil inShow MoreRelated Shakespeares Macbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes      Ã‚   William Shakespeare has written many literary works - from his sonnets to his plays, each has its own individual characteristics.   One popular characteristic that comes from his plays is the tragic hero.   The audience can always relate to the tragic hero and the many trials he faces.   Macbeth and Hamlet are just two of Shakespeares plays that involve the tragic hero.   Through their nobility, tragic flaws, and dignity Macbeth and Hamlet prove to beRead MoreHamlet vs. Oedipus Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesPrince Hamlet in Hamlet by William Shakespeare and Oedipus in Oedipus King by Sophocles In Aristotles literary discourse, Poetics, he discusses his theory of tragedy, wherein he introduces the concepts of tragic flaw or hamartia, which serves as the catalyst for the protagonists downfall or the tragedy of the story to happen. He determines a tragedy as a drama that brings about a sorrowful conclusion, arousing fear and pity in the audience (Roberts and Jacobs, 1998:1189). Tragic storiesRead MoreHamlet, Prince of Denmark825 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, Prince of Denmark By William Shakespeare Submitted by: Tariq Khan Dated: Monday, 24th September, 2012 Hamlet as a Tragedy by William Shakespeare 1.1. Brief Introduction to Tragedy: Greek and English: Elizabethan tragedy is traced back to Greek tragedy, since Greeks are said to have pioneered the Western knowledge, be it Science, Arts, or Humanities—not necessarily Technology. The rich contribution of Greek dramatists like Sophocles, Euripides, Aeschylus and AristophanesRead MoreAct 3 Scene 1 Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay947 Words   |  4 Pages3 scene 1 of William Shakespeare â€Å"Hamlet† the main protagonist, Hamlet, recites a soliloquy â€Å"To be, or not to be.† Throughout his lines Hamlet explains the concept of suicide and why people choose to live long lives instead of ending their suffering. The main point he speaks on is the mystery of one’s afterlife, they never know for sure what happens when they die. For this reason, his speech does a good job highlighting the plays underlying themes of pervasiveness of death, and tragic dilemma, andRead MoreHamlet : A Tragic Hero995 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet: A Tragic Hero William Shakespeare is known through the ages as a brilliant playwright. He has written several comedies and tragedies that people have loved through decades. Shakespeare’s plays have been interpreted in many different ways and have been debated on which interpretation is correct. Some of these included even the basis of the character’s persona. In the Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet, the main protagonist, Prince Hamlet, is fated by the ghost of his late father that, becauseRead More The Tragic Hero of Hamlet Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragic Hero of Hamlet    Shakespeares play, Hamlet illustrates the tragedy of a young princes pursuit to obtain revenge for a corrupt act, the murder of his father.  Ã‚   As the exposition unfolds, we find Prince Hamlet struggling with internal conflict over who and what was behind his fathers death.   His struggle continues as he awaits the mystic appearance of a ghost who is reported to resemble his father.   Suddenly it appears, proclaiming, Pity me not, but lend thy serious hearing / ToRead MoreThe Tragedy of Hamlet by William Shakesperare977 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark†, shortened to â€Å"Hamlet†, written by William Shakespeare dramatizes the revenge Prince Hamlet is instructed by his father, King Hamlet, to execute on his uncle Claudius, who murdered the king. Not only did he kill Hamlet’s father but then succeeded to the throne and took the murdered king’s wife, Gertrude, to be his own. Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s major s oliloquies to depict a close to clear picture of Hamlet’s true character. He gives us many soliloquies,Read MoreThe Role Of Women in Hamlet Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagesthe way playwright William Shakespeare portrayed females in his plays. Shakespeare exemplified this in his revenge tragedy Hamlet, written in 1601 with one of the most significant characters, Gertrude. She is central to the plot due to her relationship with the main character, Hamlet, being his mother. However, not only is she the mother to the tragic hero Hamlet, she is also widow to his laid father, King Hamlet Senior, and also newly wed to Hamlets uncle, Claudius. In this tragic play, we witnessRead MoreEssay on Aristotles Concept of Tragedy Applied to Hamlet1500 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle’s Concept of Tragedy Applied to Hamlet Aristotle’s concept of a well written tragedy is that it is â€Å"†¦an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude, in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play, the form of action, not of narrative, through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (McManus). According to Aristotle, the plot is the â€Å"soul† of the tragedyRead MoreHamlet as Tragic Hero Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet, the titled character of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, William Shakespeare’s most prominent play, is arguably the most complex, relatable, and deep character created by Shakespeare. His actions and thoughts throughout the play show the audience how fully developed and unpredictable he is with his mixed personalities. What Hamlet goes through in the play defines the adventures encountered by a tragic hero. In this timeless tragedy, despite Hamlet’s great nobility and knowledge, he has a tragic

Chinatown Free Essays

What is the central theme of Chinatown and what key symbols and motifs are used to develop this theme? Fashioned as a great film nior the 1974 classic; Chinatown is a crime drama in which central themes coincide with the idea that the world is an inherently corrupt place where men of vice conquer over the helplessness of the innocent and ignorant. Plot, characters, and setting mark this piece as a neo film nior. However it is the use of pessimistic tone, also found common in many film niors, that sets to assist develop the central themes through common motifs and symbols. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinatown or any similar topic only for you Order Now The motifs within the film include the ignorance to truth, an inescapable past, and a daunting fate. We also find abstract ideas within the symbolism Chinatown itself. The term motif may be defined as recurring structures, contrast, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the major themes. With in Chinatown we find that the characters are ignorant to the point in which they are unable to see the truth. Each character is surrounded and involved to some degree within the corruption that leads to there down fall. The protagonist of the film J. J. Gttes ( Jack Nicklson), a former police officer of chinatown turned private investigator in a neighboring town, spends the majority of the film investigating a murder only to find that once he has discovered the murderer that the police are corrupt as they turn a blind eye. Gittes is ignorant to the fact that not only in Chinatown money is power and those with in power stand above the law. The intertwining of the past and fate that parallel corruption also are used as a motif. The past haunts just about every character to the point that they are unable to overcome the adversity of the corruption of the world. It is the past and secrecy of the past the past that becomes the undoing of Evelyn Mulwray (Faye Dunaway), which in turn once again lets the corruption of her father prevail. Symbols within the film include Chinatown. Chinatown is not only the place from Gittes past that haunts him but is also the symbol for corruption in a ity. As lawlessness runs rampant and justice is silenced by those in power. The only scene to take place in Chinatown is the final scene in which the story unravels to show the corrupt Noah Cross (John Huston) triumphant as he gets away with fraud, incest, and murder. Filmed during a time of political unrest director Polanski film Chinatown may be used as a commentary on the corruption in the institutions that are suppose to provide for the well being of all. How to cite Chinatown, Papers

Auditing & Assurance for Corporate Governance - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAuditing Assurancefor Corporate Governance. Answer: Process Related to Corporate Governance Woolworths Limited has a process that can be related to corporate governance. Essentially, this information on corporate governance of the corporation can be acquired from the shareholder information and corporate governance statement mentioned in the annual report of the firm. In addition to this, an identical copy of the statement of corporate governance can be presented in the official website of Woolworths Limited. This section presents history of dividend disbursed, substantial shareholders, unquoted equity securities, info on annual general meeting, pay-out of final dividend. In addition to this, the process associated to corporate governance mentioned in the corporate governance statement also bears mention as regards dividend reinvestment plan, listings on the stock exchange, different American Depository receipts and corporate governance declaration (Arens et al. 2012). Furthermore, this section also presents thoroughly the total number of shareholders, specific distribution of equity securities a list of top 20 largest shareholders. Audit Committee Woolworths Limited has an audit, risk as well as compliance committee. Analysis of the annual report of the firm reveals the fact that the audit committee of the firm consists of committee of all the board of directors who is essentially accountable for overseeing particularly financial reporting procedure, selection of specifically independent assessor, receipt of audit outcomes both internal as well as external. Again, the members of the audit committee of the firm Woolworths Limited that is essentially the composition of then committee is essentially a functioning committee of the board of directors of Woolworths limited. Essentially, members of this particular committee are drawn from the members of the firms board of directors along with a chairperson who is selected from the members of the committee. Therefore, it can be said that Woolworths Limited has a perfect blend of members in the audit committee along with an independent audit partner. In addition to this, the company Wo olworths Limited also has an independent audit partner that is Deloitte that presents declaration regarding independence of the auditor (Woolworthsgroup.com.au 2017). According to section 307 C of specifically Corporations Act of the year 2001, audit partner Deloitte presented the declaration of independence. The independent auditor also presents a report that states the responsibility of assessors and additionally presents the opinions of the audit partner. Opinion Regarding Benefits of an Audit Committee The audit committee helps in overseeing process of financial reporting along with processes of disclosures (Elder et al. 2011). In addition to this, the audit committee formed within a publicly listed corporation can also help in monitoring different choices of accounting standards, policies as well as principles. This in turn helps in maintenance of compliance with the accounting standard that the company needs to adhere to for presentation of the financial declarations of the corporation. Addition to this, the presence of the audit committee also helps in the overseeing the entire process of hiring, particular performance along with independence of different external assessors (William Jr 2016). Furthermore, this audit committee also aids in maintenance of regulatory compliance, ethics and many others, supervising different processes of internal control, supervising performance of internal audit operations along with risks management policies and exercises of management. In essence , this helps in enhancement of the functionalities of operations of the firm and consequently the society in which the business operates. References Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J. and Mark, B., 2012.Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Boston: Prentice Hall. Elder, R.J., Beasley, M.S. and Arens, A.A., 2011.Auditing and Assurance services. Pearson Higher Ed. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016.Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education. Woolworthsgroup.com.au, 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/icms_docs/185865_annual-report-2016.pdf [Accessed 19 May 2017].

The climax of this story Essay Example For Students

The climax of this story Essay Examine closely Katherines speech in Act 5 Scene 2 lines 136-179. What is your view of this speech as the climax of this story? How have Kates opinions and language changed since the early acts of the play? Why do you think that she has changed so much?  What is your view of this speech as the climax of this story?  In The Taming of the Shrew, Katherina gives a final speech in Act 5, Scene 2, which many people consider sexist, in terms of the content and the language used. As George Bernard Shaw said, the play is Altogether disgusting to modern sensibility. It can be maintained that Petruchio is a rather challenging type, who sees their relationship as a game. We will write a custom essay on The climax of this story specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Consequently, he knows he will win, thus winning a beautiful bride as well as the dowry. The final speech is proof that he has changed Katherina from an independent male to the woman that she is. He only plays the game to obtain the ideal marriage. Eventually they learn to love each other. In a play that is open for interpretation, the audience maintains many different points of view. One supposition is that Katherina has not been tamed yet, and is only playing along with Petruchios game to stop his abusive treatment. Another way of explaining it is that because for the first time in her life Katherina has realized that somebody actually cares about her enough to refine her, she gives up her discourteous past and sets off on a promising and happy future. I think that ultimately, Katherina changed from the Shrew into the acceptable wife because she has come to terms with her role as a woman, and realized that she has found love by becoming submissive to anything she disagrees with. How have Kates opinions and language changed since the early acts of the play?  The first sentence Katherina has uttered in the play is I pray you, sir, is it your will to make a stale of me amongst these mates?. In Shakespearean times, for a young woman to use language such as stale and mate, would have been considered rude and controversial. This is language of a typical male in those days, just as Katherina seems to be. This view supports how her language and opinions have changed from the beginning to the end of the play. The first impression of Katherina tends to be that she is as rude as a spoilt child and in the same way that the child needs to be taught manners, Katherina needs to be tamed. The irony in this case is that Bianca is infact the spoilt child especially when Baptista showers her with compliments. This puts negative influence on Katherina, as her hatred towards Bianca grows with every passing day. A pretty peat! It is best put finger in the eye and she knew why. Towards the end of the play, when she gives her speech, it is easily noticeable that her language and views have changed. It makes Katherina appear to be calm and gentle. The first signs of change in Katherina appear in Act 3, Scene 2 after their wedding, when Tranio and Gremio moth ask Petruchio to stay till after dinner. Thinking that is would make a difference; Katherina sweetly tells Petruchio Let me entreat you. Obviously you see that she is only playing along, trying to get her way as Bianca does with Baptista. As her refuses, it makes you realize that Petruchio is not easily manipulated and will only treat Katherina as an equal when she treats others in the same way. .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 , .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 .postImageUrl , .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 , .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486:hover , .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486:visited , .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486:active { border:0!important; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486:active , .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486 .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub0364f4206b878967af3720e4f301486:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The play an inspector calls is heavily built on the atmosphere of the acts and how each character fits in to the scene EssayLater on in the same conversation, she says I see a woman may be made a fool If she had not a spirit to resist. This is vital, in witnessing the change from this scene, to her final speech because in the end, she indeed has no resistance and gives her total and utter submission. Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper, Thy head, Thy sovereign; one that cares for thee We witness a big change in Act 4, Scene 5, when Katherina and Petruchio are on their journey back to Padua, and they stop for a rest. This is a a key moment in the play when the reader begins to understand how not only, has Katherina become gentle and kind, but also a slave to her husbands will. Petruchio then tests Katherina to ensure that she has indeed changed for good.  Petruchio: I say it is the moon.  Katherina I know it is the moon.  Petruchio: Nay then you lie, it is the blessed sun  Katherina: Then God be blessed, it is the blessed sun  Why has Katherina Changed. Katherinas opinion of men has changed from Mate a jade and stale to thy lord, thy king, thy governor by the end of the play, in the final speech. This is in no doubt, the climax of the story. It highlights the change in Katherinas personality as it does to the content and language of the play. She talks of men as superior whilst degrading Bianca and the widow for the disrespect they have towards their men. In this speech Katherina says A woman moved is like a fountain troubled, Muddy, Ill-seaming, thick, bereft of beauty, and while it is so, none so dry or thirsty, Will deign to sip, or touch one drop of it. This quote is the perfect example of everything Katherina was at the beginning of the play. It is a physical image, putting emphasis on the point that a man wont touch an upset woman because it is like drinking corrupt water. It is a brilliant admission of what she once was. Petruchio has tamed Katherina, into a beautiful, clear fountain. This indeed is ironic, because Bianca the white, is yet to be cleared. Katherina once had abused males in the ways in which she was abused by Petruchio , and by learning from her mistakes, she tried to teach the others. In Act 2, Scene 1, when Petruchio first meets Katherina, he greets her as Kate, to which she defensively replies well have you heard, but something hard of hearing, They call me Katherina that do talk of me. Having led a life full of aggression and male attitude, Katherina uses a defense mechanism to defend herself with. Initially, she treats males as subordinates. I feel that in order to escape from her insecurities, she affronts others to make herself feel superior. One can empathize with Katherina because she had no female role model to venerate. Another reason I sympathize her is because for the majority of her life, she is deemed to have been treated worse than her younger sister Bianca. This is obvious in the way Baptista speaks to Bianca For I will love thee neer the less,my girl. Katherina not only uses her defense mechanisms towards Petruchio, but she sarcastically tells Baptista how good of a father he is when he tries to wed her to Petruchio. I presume that another reason behind her defensive behavior is how Baptista considers Bianca as his jewel, in contrast to the way he feels about Katherina.

Kinetic Xbox 360 by the Microsoft

Kinetic Xbox 360 by the Microsoft Executive Summary Kinetic Xbox is a system that uses infrared translates 3D body motion to control video games. Rare and prime sense companies because of technological competition in the Microsoft world introduced the product. Bill Gates and Paul Allen following a series of revolution of innovations founded Microsoft Corporation in 1975 and introduced its second language Fortran in 1977.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Kinetic Xbox 360 by the Microsoft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This led to its success of the Microsoft 8080 basics in the ICP million dollar awards launched in 1979. In 1983, the Microsoft Company released Microsoft Word to compete with MS-DOS operating system that IBM Company introduced in 1981. Due to competition in the market, Microsoft proceeded to release OS/2 in December 1987, Windows 3.0 in 1990, and Windows 95 to replace MS-DOS in 1995. Microsoft produced windows pc operating systems, office suite of productivity software, windows and SQL servers, Xbox 360, Bing internet search, business software, and software for mobile devices. The mission of Microsoft is to enhance the potential of business people to utilize resources to maximize their profits. In 2001, Microsoft XP replaces Windows 95 operating system with the innovation of Xbox that is one of the two largest gaming devices in the world. Later, Microsoft releases Xbox 360 in 2005. Xbox 360 creates the impact of Microsoft development by introducing unique products such as the Kinetic. Kinetic Xbox 360 enables the user to use the movement of the parts of the body and voice to control video games. No devices or gadgets required. The product attracts the attention and interest of many consumers due to the unique and advanced entertainment, exercise and socialization. However, the product is very expensive and although the consumers need it, they are not willing to spend on the product. This is due to the availab ility of close substitutes from its competitors Sony Playstation and Nintendo Wii, which are less costly. The market is monopolistic hence; the Microsoft products have control over their price since they are close substitutes. This means that Kinetic Xbox 360 can only earn profit in the short run since the competitors or new entries introduce products that compete with the product in the end. Kinetic Xbox segments its markets to focus on subsets of potential customers. In geographic segmentation, the product targets developed countries such as North America, Europe, China, and Japan where the product is affordable by a large number of consumers. Behavioral segmentation stimulates customer demand in the use of a wave of a hand and voice to control video games.Advertising Looking for term paper on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The product uses psychographic segmentation by introducing social network ing through face book partnership, extending the product in the mobile phones, and TV and computer systems game entertainment. Demographic segmentation allows the product to provide family entertainment. We recommend expansion of markets in other countries or target markets to attract a substantial market share. Due to the nature of the market, lowering the price of the product enables survival in the end. The urge to innovate competitor products sends warning to the Company to improve technology of the product to maintain top position in the market. The company ensures brand loyalty and market control by creating customer experience, customer relationship, sense of pride and belongingness, and freedom of customer expression. These help the product compete effectively and efficiently during its future performance in the market. Due to the complexity of choice and management of distribution channels, the company makes decisions based on the structures of distribution, patterns of dis tribution channels, and the intermediaries. Consistent and controlled promotional programs enhance communication of the company and its consumers to increase product awareness and demand levels.

3 Lessons Freelancers Learn from... Bears

3 Lessons Freelancers Learn from... Bears Things that are great about being a bear: You get a diet rich in fish, you’re big enough that most predators don’t bother you, you don’t have to have a LinkedIn Profile, and when you want to go sleep in cave for weeks at a time, nobody thinks it’s weird. Fortunately we’re not just doomed to a life as sad hairless bear-wannabes. There are things freelancers can learn from bears when it comes to managing our work-life, as assembled by Chris over at Rags to Reasonable.Lesson 1: Hibernation ModeUnless you’ve landed a really plum long-term contract or three, odds are your workstream ebbs and flows (or sometimes even dries up entirely). This means you have to know how to match your variable expenses to your variable income- make sure you know how to get your operating costs low and manageable enough to allow even your â€Å"hibernation wages† to last you until your next big paycheck.Lesson 2: Go Where the Food IsThis lesson is both obvious a nd frustrating when you’re starting out and taking every single job that comes your way. Some of them may not be as lucrative as you wanted or as relevant to your overall goals as you hoped. Still,  you take them and accept what the market has to offer since you don’t know if there will be food (i.e. work) if you hold out for something closer to your experience.Lesson 3: Filling Your Fat StoresA positive and negative of freelancing is that when it rains it pours, if you’re paid by the project and not hourly. This means you may work for a while in obscurity and then (sometimes months later!) are  rewarded with a significant check for a large portion of your work.The most valuable tip I took away from Chris’ bear-advice was to remember that check is  not disposable income; it’s not leftover, it’s not actually a reliable, regular paycheck. Make it last as long as possible by being savvy with your spending and strategic with your saving.If You’re Freelancing, Have a Plan For Your â€Å"Hibernation† SeasonIf You’re Freelancing, Have a Plan For Your â€Å"Hibernation† Season  Read More at Rags to Reasonable

Hypercholesterolemia in the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Essay

Hypercholesterolemia in the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease - Essay Example In the developed world, it is one of the leading causes of death both in men and women. Around 94,000 deaths each year in the UK are attributed to this condition and the prevalence of this condition is about 2.6 million. The most common symptom associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) is angina and about 2 million people are affected with it each year. With age the prevalence and severity of CHD would only increase (NHS 2009). The two most notable conditions that are associated with CHD are angina and myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction arises when coronary arteries are completely blocked and angina arises when the coronary arteries are partially blocked. Some of the common symptoms that are associated with CHD include breathlessness, chest pain, palpitations, a feeling of heaviness or tightness over the chest, sweating, confusions, anxiety, light-headedness, breathlessness, and dyspnea. Some of the common complications that can arise with the progression of CHD include heart attack, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmia (Mayo Clinic 2012). The main pathophysiology associated with CHD is the build-up of plaque in the coronary artery. As the plaque builds up, the lumen of the vessel becomes narrower, and so does the heart receive reduced supply of blood, resulting in the development of several symptoms of CHD including chest pain, breathlessness, and light-headedness. ... Following the process of atherosclerosis, there may be breakage or rupture of the plaques resulting in deposition of platelets at the site of repair. This platelet clump may block the lumen resulting in partial or complete arterial blockage causing angina or myocardial infarction (Mayo Clinic 2012). Figure 2: Complications of CHD In the UK, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is high. About 1 in every 500 individuals is affected with familial hypercholesterolemia (an autosomal dominant condition characterised by high levels of Low Density lipoproteins (LDL) in the blood resulting in the development of atherosclerosis at a very rapid rate). Further the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia due to sedentary lifestyle, lack of exercises and diet has resulted in very high prevalence of CHD in the population. About 10 to 15% of the 110,000 population that have familial hypercholesterolemia are unaware of their condition, due to which they may be at a very high risk to suffer from angina o r myocardial infarction (Wadwa 2007). Almost every patient with coronary artery disease has a minimum of one modifiable cardiovascular risk factor, and that most of the risk factors remain insufficiently controlled even after patients are diagnosed for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). â€Å"Hypercholesterolemia is a condition characterized by very high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is produced in the body and obtained from foods that come from animals (particularly egg yolks, meat, poultry, fish, and dairy products). The body needs this substance to build cell membranes, make certain hormones, and produce compounds that aid in fat

410 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

410 - Essay Example However, we also believe strongly that employee safety is a function solely of the employees and as such we strive to not intervene in the employees safety decision-making. To achieve our goal of minimal numbers of incidents resulting in injuries although some cannot be avoided we have a goal of no more than 20 injuries in which the employees was seriously injured. We also have a goal of no more than 10 million in damage to equipment during this calendar year. Get Er’ Done Incorporated shall create employee safety and health programming which will be reviewed whenever employees can find time to do so. If changes are to be made it is up to the employee to make sure the changes are done. Employees are to find the time, resources etc to make any changes. Employees will report all changes at the 5 year corporate meetings in which one employee is invited. Employees are expected to develop all forms and required materials for the completion safety objectives. Management and supervisors will continue to focus on production and making widgets in a freaky fast manner and delivering them as fast as

The Coming of Age Essay Example for Free

The Coming of Age Essay Childhood is a time where children learn about the world around themselves. They see and experience many factors that influence their everyday lives, which help them grow stronger when they become adults. In â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid and â€Å"The Lesson† by Toni Cade Bambara the characters within the stories learn valuable lesson with help them grow to become better individuals. In â€Å"The Lesson† the character of Sugar undergoes a realization that society does not treat everyone equally, that not every individual has the same opportunity and equality that they should have. In â€Å"Girl† the main character learns that she must be perceived as a woman and not as a slut, her mother brings to her attention of how the world is and what she must to do in order to survive in it. Lessons that children learn all help them grow to become better individuals, in â€Å"Girl† and â€Å"The Lesson† the lessons that the characters learn both help them grow to become better and stronger individuals. In â€Å"The Lesson† the character, Sugar undergoes a realization of the world around her, through her teacher Miss Moore, Sugar notices that there is a better way of living in the world besides, her own little world with her friends. Sugar says, â€Å"You know, Miss Moore, I don’t think that all of us here put together eat in a year what that sailboat costs,† (Bambara 452). Miss Moore is an African American woman who has broken through the expectation that society has placed on her class and on her color. Bambara presents Miss Moore as a very educated and intelligent woman, who has a college degree. With her knowledge Miss Moore sets out to educate the deprived and lower classed children and teach them of the world around them. She sets out to open their eyes, as well as their knowledge of the world around them. Miss Moore says, â€Å"Imagine for a minute what kind of society it is in which some people can spend on a toy what it would cost to feed a family of six or seven. What do you think? ,† (Bambara 452). Sugar’s realization of the world outside of her own, opens her mind to many questions that she never imagined before. She realizes that there is a better standard of living in the world and that society is not equal, as it should be, â€Å"I think, . . . that this is not much of a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough, don’t it? ,† (Bambara 452). In this quotation Sugar realizes what Miss Moore set out to teach the lower classed and deprived children, her goal was to open their eyes and make them aware of how much more there is out there then making pocket change. â€Å"What kinda work they do and how they live and how come we ain’t in on it? Where we are is who we are, Miss Moore always pointin out. But it don’t necessarily have to be that way, she always adds then waits for somebody to say that poor people have to wake up and demand their share of the pie and place,† (Bambara 452). With her eyes wide open and with her mind curious and educated, Sugar and her friends realize that in order for them to get some where in life they have to work at it, but not as in individual but as a whole, a class. The only way for them to make a difference to change societies view of their class and become part of the rest of societies. In â€Å"Girl† Kincaid lists a series of orders from a mother to a daughter in such a way that the characters’ lives are illuminated and transformed by the mundane household details. The â€Å"Girl† is more of a gender type of a story, but there is also a lesson that needs to be realized by the girl. In this story the mother of this girl is her teacher, she tells her daughter of how the world is around her, just like Miss Moore in â€Å"The Lesson. † The mother in this story tries to make her daughter realize that he needs to be viewed as a woman within society. Who or what the daughter is on the inside can be for herself, but on the outside she cannot let her actions give and impression that she is a slut to society. The mother says, â€Å"this is how you smile to someone you like completely; this is how you set a table for tea; . . . this is how to behave in the presence of men who don’t know you very well, and this way they won’t recognize immediately the slut I have warned you against becoming, . . . † (Kincaid 33). As this story progresses the mother lists various chores and behaviors she must do in order for her to remain a woman and not be viewed as a slut, â€Å"be sure to wash everyday, . . . don’t squat down to play marbles-you are not a boy, you know, . . . † (Kincaid 33). In this story the girl wishes to rebel against what her mother wishes for her to do, but she dose not wish to be viewed as a slut, if she doesn’t do everything her mother has taught her. Mother says, â€Å"this is how to make ends meet; always squeeze bread to make sure it’s fresh; but what is the baker won’t let me feel the bread? ; you mean to say that after all you are really going to be the kind of woman who the baker won’t let near the bread? ,† (Kincaid 34). In this story an issue of gender arises, where a girl needs to be taught how to become a woman and not be viewed as a slut. The daughter in â€Å"Girl† wants to rebel against her mother and not be viewed as a slut to society, therefore hoping that society will not look down upon her, if she does not do everything that the mother has taught her that she must do. In the stories of the â€Å"Girl† and â€Å"The Lesson† different lessons are learned, but the common realization of the world around them is learned by the characters and how each of the characters must learn to rebel against societies views. This realization helps them grow smarter and stronger as they grow older and come of age, from childhood to adulthood. Society has set standards for individuals to live by, but it is up to those individuals to break away, or live by the standards and views of society. â€Å"It is not much of a democracy if you ask me. Equal chance to pursue happiness means an equal crack at the dough,† (Bambara 452). In reality, society has set standards for everyone to live by. Those who break away from it are look down upon if they fail, but if they succeed they are praised by, this may be the only way to change societies views of gender, class, and race; it is by succeeding in everything that you do.

Japanese American Internment :: essays research papers

What was the Japanese American internment? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, a U.S. military base. â€Å"Many Americans already disliked the Japanese as a result of racism when the Japanese were being used for cheap labor.†1 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a result â€Å"120,000 Japanese men, women, and children were sent to detention camps.†1 They were forced away from their homes, schools, and businesses under the pretense of protecting the American citizens. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The FBI investigated alleged charges of conspiracy, but couldn’t find any evidence against the Japanese. The information was suppressed by the government.†1 This information wasn’t released for years after the internment. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Families did start being released in 1943 after the Japanese started challenging the internment in the Supreme Court.†1 Once the war was over in 1945, there still were many Japanese American families being held in detention camps. How were the Japanese removed from their homes? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"After the Pearl Harbor invasion, the FBI rounded up 1,212 Issei (Japanese who moved to America from Japan), placing them in U.S. Justice Department Internment camps.†2 Many of the Issei sent away were religious leaders, school teachers, and doctors. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"On February 19,1942, President Roosevelt signed executive order 9066, authorizing the Army to remove Japanese American and place them in designated military areas.†2 Many Families were given little notice, and the camps were far away from their homes so they had to leave all their personal belongings behind. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"110,000 Japanese were sent to internment camps under executive order 9066, 2/3 of which who were American Citizens.†2 The Japanese were stripped of their rights and privileges shared with by American citizens. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Japanese American internment was the American concentration camp during WWII. Where were the relocation camps? †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Across the West Coast, there were 10 relocation camps in all.†3 Originally rural, less populated areas, these camps were built up and became among the largest towns in their area. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Manzanar and Tule Lake were located in California. Poston and Gila in Arizona; Heart Mountain, in Wyoming; Minidoka, in Idaho; Topaz, in Utah; and Granada, in Colorado.†3 The Japanese were very unfamiliar with those areas, not used to the climates of the regions. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The camps were hurriedly built to basic army camp plans designed for soldiers with no families, so there was little room at all for the Japanese.†3 The Barracks were overcrowded, and families were crammed in with one another. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the areas, like Minidoka, got up to 110 degrees in the summer. They had to work out in the heat for long hours, and were overcome by exhaustion inside the camps

Computer Of My Dream Essay

Computer of my dream First, I need a motherboard because it’s like the backbone of the system, without a good motherboard it won’t be able to support the CPU, the brain of the system, very well. I choose a Pentium 4 motherboard because I want to keep myself up to date and the ASAU brand is a popular one. Then I chose a Pentium 4 CPU for its speed, also because Intel is a well-known brand. I chose an expensive RAM product, made by HP, because I want top notch quality for the RAM as it is very important in a computer. For video card I chose a Voodoo 5500 PCI as it is recommended by many sites. For sound card I will just buy a cheap one because I don’t think it’s going to make a big difference in the sound quality. I am going to buy a hard drive with 60 gigabytes because I like to install a lot of software and download a lot of songs. A big case is needed since I would like to upgrade my computer a lot. The speakers has to be a subwoofer as I like the feel of the bass. I will buy a Sony 27 inches monitor since I don’t want to hurt my eyes and want the best monitor to get the maximum performance from the graphics. Although it is cheap, I like this logitech mouse because it is cordless thus easy to move around. I am buying a Microsoft keyboard since the company is a reliable one, and it is cheap also. I chose this 56x CD ROM because it supports all types of cd formats, including the state-of-the-art Cd-rw. I will add a cd-rw drive to my computer because I like to make music cds, Creative is a reliable brand whose quality is always satisfactory. Plus, it enables me to download the latest digital audio file from the Internet and store them on CDs instead of on my hard drive. Lastly, I will buy a Canon bubble jet color printer. The product might not be as top notch as the other kinds but I just need a average printer since I don’t print things a lot. This is the computer of my dream.

Nursing in Perspectives

Nursing is a profound profession which requires professional skills and knowledge, high level of expertise and managerial skills. Following Parker & Clare (2006): â€Å"Critical thinking is a vital skill to have as a nurse. Nurses are engaged in providing care to people who have a right to high quality professional conduct and health services (p296).Applied to nursing profession, critical thinking aims to improve healthcare services through new methods and self-developed professional skills of nurses. Critical thinking combines the ability to meet the requirement of a new age and respond effectively to technological innovations and scientific discoveries. Changing economic environment and globalization process has a great impact on the nursing science, and compel to specify concepts of management and its fields. During the last decades, the definitions of critical thinking in nursing have been changes. For instance, Ennis & Milman in 1985 defined critical thinking in nursing as â€Å"reasonable, reflective thinking focused on what to believe or do† (Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). In five years, McPeck, (1990) defined it as: â€Å"the propensity to engage in an activity with reflective skepticism† (Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). Monitoring was an important method that helped to search for new trends in nursing. Today, nurses take into account internal and external factors that influence a patient. The most recent explanation of critical thinking is proposed by the University of New Mexico (2007): â€Å"nursing utilizes critical thinking as diagnostic reasoning and professional or clinical judgment. Critical thinking in nursing is based on a triggering event or situation, a starting point, scaffolds, processes, and outcomes that make up a continuous or iterative feedback loop† (Critical Thinking in Nursing 2007). In modern world, critical thinking in nursing is a broad concept with include advanced knowledge and discovering, creativity and passion, authenticity and ability to foresee coming changes. Critical thinking in nursing aims to extend traditional nursing roles in order to keep abreast of time and rapidly changing technology. Daniels (2004) underlines that it may be exercised as an attribute of position or because of personal knowledge or wisdom. Modern nurses see themselves more as conservators and regulators of the exist ­ing order of affairs with which they identify, and from which they gain rewards. Critical thinking helps to create a sense of identity which does not depend upon membership or work roles. On the one hand, nursing gendered identity and cultural identity has a great impact on their skills and ability to deliver high quality service. Many problems associated with the relationships between people of different cultures stem from variations in norms and values. Modern society is marked by cultural diversity problems which influence healthcare services and service delivery. Critical thinking is crucial for culturally competent nurse because it helps to communicate with diverse clients and meet their needs. For instance, Hindus and Asians share specific beliefs as for parts of the body and health, and in this case a nurse should take into account cultural and religious practices of these patients. Following Dreher and Macnaughton (2002): â€Å"the health care system has nested the accountability for cultural competency with the clinician who provides direct services to individuals, where the application of cultural information is likely to be least useful† (p181). For a nurse, the key advantages of convergence are that ideas and techniques developed in one cultural or national setting may be transferred to another and used effectively. These variables shape the values and hence the behavior of people (Potter & Perry, 2005). Critical thinking determines the quality of decisions and actions of a nurse. A higher level of professional autonomy and shared governance should be seen as the main features of critical thinking. Critical thinking is exercised through greater knowledge and exper ­tise. It may also be based on the per ­sonal qualities of the nurse and the manner in which authority is exercised. In contrast to traditional theories of nursing leadership, nursing expert power is based on new knowledge about technology and critical thinking used in nursing profession. Critical thinking is based on credibility and clear evidence of knowledge or expertise; for example, the expert knowledge of ‘functional' specialists. Stone (2000) states that if the information is satisfactorily ascertained from secondary sources, the nurse opts to complete this component of the assessment by relying on past records. Documentary data obtained from patients' records is often termed ‘secondary' because the information has originally been collected by other people and for other purposes. Thus, critical thinking determines further actions and behavior patterns which support clinical and service development. In several decades ago, nurses were limited by strict rules and tasks which prevented them to respond effectively to changing environment (Potter & Perry 2005). Today, technology and information technology demands critical thinking and decision making in nursing (Sharp, 2000). Also, there is a great shift in organizational values and personal traits of the nurses. Changing social environment influences human values and conflicts with human dignity and importance (Sullivan & Decker, 2005). The balance of power has undoubtedly shifted to nurses who have more choice over how to conducts relationships with their administration, colleagues and patients. Critical thinking in nursing is aimed to improve influences on the environment and determine perspectives of further development on the macro- and micro- level. In this situation, to be an effective and professional nurse, it is necessary to exercise the role of critical thinker based on advanced knowledge and expertise (Durgahee, 2003). A common view is that the job of the nurse requires the ability of critical thinking and that leadership is in effect a sub-set of management. In terms of critical thinking, there is a need to be flexible and be ready to innovate and to adopt new technologies as they come along. The way in which healthcare organization has to employ the latest technology can be an important determinant of its competitive advantage. For instance, increased role of computers and technological solutions require new skills and decision making practices in medicine. For instance, if technology does not work properly and it threatens life of a patient, a nurse should react accordingly to the situation and replace it with alternative solution (Kozier et al 2004). Critics (Sullivan & Decker, 2005) admit that three decades ago nurses were not ready and prepared to apply critical thinking to their work and this led to high death rates caused by technology failure. Healthcare is one of the main industries responsible for exceptional service quality and interpersonal communication. Service quality is determined by technological processes and innovations in its field. Critical thinking has speeded up health delivery processes, transformed working practices and increased the efficiency of healthcare services. Interestingly, it is in the technological environment that it is some ­times possible for large healthcare organizations to actually exert influence rather than be the recipients of it. Respect and personal worth of every patient are the core human-related factors employed by the nurses (Garrison 2004). Nursing staff is responsible for communication and interaction with the patients. For this reason, nurses should be flexible to respond effectively to changing environment and customers groups. As a result, high degree of autonomy cannot be effectively used by all nursing staff. Healthcare organizations start to apply ‘critical thinking’ into practice seeing it as a high level of specialist practice and competitive advantage in healthcare services. Also, critical thinking in nursing is concerned with those activities involved in recruiting of professional staff, training, and development within the healthcare infrastructure, namely the systems of planning, finance, medical service control, etc. which are crucially important to an strategic capability in all healthcare activities (Potter & Perry, 2005). Today, a special attention is given to proper function of medical staff and empowerment which helps to improve efficiency of medical practice. Critical thinking is one of the main requirements in modern service learning. In learning, â€Å"critical thinking [is] a reasoning process reflecting on ideas, actions, and decisions in clinical experience by the nursing student and others (Anaya et al 2003, p99). The advantages of critical thinking in nursing are fast response to changing conditions and environment and ability to apply recent technologies into practice. It increases confidence of nurses and level of healthcare services. Using critical thinking approach, nurses are able to shift the situation using these new creative approaches based on advanced relationships and inquiry. Also, it is strongly influenced by resources outside the healthcare organization which are an integral part of the chain of activities between the healthcare service design and the level of medial treatment (Sharp, 2000). Change is a threat to routine and their role in healthcare management. It is also true that many nurses do not know what their role is, and in recent years attempts have been made to clarify individual roles. Critical thinking is ‘a vital skill’ for nurses because it determines the style of management and leadership. Critical thinking can be interpreted as a response to the need to meet heightened customer expectations and face intensi ­fied technology solutions. Critical thinking encourages nurses to adopt a positive attitude and have personal involvement in service delivery. Also, it allows healthcare organization to expose nursing staff to new forms of service and management. Critical thinking is constructed on a rational basis and allows nurses respond to patients’ needs in an appropriate manner. For a modern nurse, it is crucial to be accountable to patients' families, and close friends who come to visit them. References 1.   Anaya, A., Doheny, M.O., Panthofer, N., Sedlak, C.A. (2003). Critical Thinking in Students' Service-Learning Experiences. College Teaching, 51 (3), 99-104. 2. Critical Thinking in Nursing The University of New Mexico (2007). Retrieved 31 May 2007, from   http://hsc.unm.edu/consg/conct/whatis.shtml 3.   Daniels, R. (2004). Nursing Fundamentals: Caring and Clinical Decision Making, Thomas Learning, Oregon. 4. Dreher, N., Macnaughton, N. (2002). Cultural competency in nursing: foundation or fallacy? Nursing Outlook, Sep-Oct; 50 (5):181-6. 5.   Durgahee, T. (2003). Higher level practice: degree of specialist practice? Nurse Education Today. Apr; 23 (3), 191-201. 6. Garrison, D.R., Morgan, D.H., Johnson, J.G. (2004). Thriving in chaos: Educating the nurse leaders of the future. Nursing Leadership Forum. Fall; 9 (1), 23-27. 7. Kozier B., Erb G., Berman A. & Snyder S. (2004). Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process and Practice, New Jersey, Pearson Education Inc. 8. Potter, P. & Perry, A. (2005). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier PTE LTD, Singapore. 9.   Sharp, Nancy. (April 2000). The 21st century belongs to nurse practitioners. Nurse Practitioner, p. 56 10. Sullivan, E.J., Decker, Ph. J. (2005). Effective leadership & Management in Nursing 6th ed. Pearson Hall.   

Use Common Sense for Commas

Use Common Sense for Commas Use Common Sense for Commas Use Common Sense for Commas By Mark Nichol Commas are such cute little things with curly tails that their strength is often overlooked. When used haphazardly, their power can be untapped or misused. Employed correctly, however, they do much to convey a sentence’s meaning. The rules may seem complex, but they are also commonsensical. Many writers believe that commas are necessary in the middle of a sentence only when they divide two independent clauses two parts of a sentence that could stand on their own as distinct statements. But commas also serve as comprehension aids: Note the difference between â€Å"Knights wore metal shoes and gloves called gauntlets† and â€Å"Knights wore metal shoes, and gloves called gauntlets.† The first version implies that both items were referred to as gauntlets, and the second version correctly distinguishes that only the second item was labeled as such. â€Å"Are they going to lock me up or shoot me?† looks like the writer is asking if one of these two outcomes will occur. â€Å"Are they going to lock me up, or shoot me?† correctly clarifies that the writer is asking which outcome will occur and that’s a big difference made clear by the mighty little comma. Traditionally, a comma was inserted after all introductory phrases, no matter how short: But the trend toward open punctuation and away from closed punctuation has relaxed this tradition. Unfortunately, though short introductory phrases may not look wrong in isolation, in text containing both short and long introductory phrases, when the latter cry out for a comma to give the reader a rest, inconsistency is awkward, so it’s best to always retain closed punctuation. Sometimes, misunderstandings may occur when you omit a comma, as when a reader reads, â€Å"When she returned Jim’s head was already lying back against the pillow† and thinks at first that Jim’s head is being handed back to him or its current owner. Comments actually or conjecturally directed toward readers or a third party are awkward without a comma following an imperative (a form of address that tells someone to do something). The warning statement â€Å"Move over RCA and Sony, computer firms are becoming TV makers† starts the reader off at a disadvantage; who, they may think, is steamrolling over the television manufacturers in question? A comma after â€Å"move over† solves that problem. Similarly, â€Å"Attention shoppers!† implies that attention is a commodity some store patrons are there to buy, and that the voice on the intercom is acoustically accosting just that class of consumer; â€Å"Attention, shoppers!† meanwhile, asks for something, then identifies who is being asked. These rules may seem complicated. But there’s a simple test that usually works: When in doubt about whether or where to place a comma, read aloud the sentence in question, and visualize the comma as a hook that briefly makes the sentence run in place. If you hesitate or pause, insert the hook in the sentence to mark that place. If you don’t, don’t. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs Enquire35 Genres and Other Varieties of FictionUsing "May" in a Question

Actions that the MLRO of BCD should take

Given that Radovan Rankovich (RR) is allegedly wanted by the authorities in the Ukraine for criminal actions against the state, and has received a recent transfer of ?15 million from a Corporate Service Provider in Cyprus, it is likely that this would warrant a disclosure to NCA for investigation. In accordance with this, the MLRO will be required to file a Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) with NCA and subsequently liaise with them to deal with this matter accordingly (Ellinger et al; 2011: 97). Part 7 of POCA makes it a requirement for banks to make a disclosure to NCA if they reasonably suspect that a person is involved in money laundering (s. 329). If the MLRO fails to make such a disclosure then he or she may be found criminally liable under this Act for a failure to disclose (s. 331). This is because a person commits an offence under s. 329 if they; acquire, use or have possession of, criminal property. Since a bank would fall within the scope of this section, it is possible that BCD Bank would be subject to criminal proceedings if they failed to take the appropriate action and thus make the relevant disclosures. If the MLRO does not believe that the grounds of suspicion are sufficient to report the matter to NCA, then the MLRO will be required to make further inquiries (International Monetary Fund, 2011: 65). Once the MLRO has made a report to NCA, the report will be ‘protected’ under s. 337 so that nothing in the report shall be taken to breach any restriction on the disclosure of information. Given that BCD Bank may have engaged in money laundering by allowing RR’s transactions to take place, they may have a defence under s. 338 if they make demonstrate that they made the disclosure as soon as possible. Similar provisions also apply under th e TA if the person is also suspected of terrorist financing. As Christian has received a text message stating that RR is wanted by the authorities in the Ukraine for criminal actions against the state, it is likely that the MLRO will also be required to comply with the provisions under the TA for a reasonable suspicion of terrorist financing. An obligation to report under the TA will therefore arise which means that the MLRO will be required to disclose the identity of RR, any information that relates to the matter and the whereabouts of the laundered property. There are two different types of report that may be made by the MLRO, namely protected reports and authorised reports. A protected disclosure is made by a person during the course of their trade, profession or employment. This type of disclosure is generally made by a person who is carrying our professional activities. An authorised disclosure is made by a person who is about to commit a prohibited act or has already committed a prohibited act (Bastable and Yeo, 2011: 108). Since the bank has already dealt with the property that is suspected of being laundered, it is more appropriate for an authorised disclosure to be made. The MLRO will also be required to obtain consent from NCA under ss. 335 and 336 to determine whether Christian can action any further transfers out of RR’s account. This will be done by making a ‘consent report’ to NCA, which will then block any transactions for seven working days. If NCA gives consent to the MLRO, the MLRO will then be able to give consent to Christian to carry out the transactions (Bastable and Yeo, 2011: 108). If NCA refuse consent, however, the proposed transactions will be frozen for a further 31 days, unless consent is granted during that period; R (on the application of UMBS Online Ltd [2007] WL 1292620. The Risks and Issues for the Bank This particular issue regarding RR is likely to be problematic for the BCD Bank as they will want to act in the best interests of their customer, namely RR, so that they remain in business with them whilst at the same time they are required to fulfil certain obligations imposed upon them by law. Because BCD will be required to disclose their suspicions even if RR has not acted in a criminal manner, this will have a damaging effect upon RR’s reputation and as put by Hislop (2009); â€Å"absent bad faith, little more than a â€Å"bad feeling† can trigger a banks disclosure obligations under POCA 2002, with in some cases catastrophic commercial consequences for the customer and a damning of his hitherto â€Å"good name† in the business community.† If the banks suspicions are incorrect, this can be significantly detrimental for RR. As such, the bank will need to be careful that they are striking a balance between the interests of RR with its duties to disclose . In the recent case of SHAH and another v HSBC private bank (UK) Ltd (2009) EWHC 79 (QB) the implications Part 7 has upon the rights of the individual and the banking business was clearly highlighted. Here, it was demonstrated that where a bank makes a SAR in respect of a suspicious transaction, they may not be provided with protection if the customer decides to challenge the banks suspicions in the future. This is so, despite the fact that a criminal offence may have been committed if the bank failed to make such a disclosure. Customers will have a right to challenge the banks suspicions with the bank then being required to prove that the suspicion was reasonable. It may be difficult to determine how the bank can justify making a disclosure since it was made clear by the court in this case that â€Å"the defendant must think that there is a possibility, which is more than fanciful, that the relevant facts exist. A vague feeling of unease would not suffice.† The bank will therefore be taking a risk in many any disclosure, especially this one since it will have to be shown that the text message was sufficient enough for a disclosure to be made. Furthermore, even if the circu mstances do render a disclosure justified, the bank’s decision may still be challenged which can be costly and time consuming. In K Ltd v National Westminster Bank plc [2007] 1 WLR 311 it was noted by the Court that; â€Å"to intervene between a banker and his customer in the performance of the contract of mandate is a serious interference with the free flow of trade. But Parliament has considered that a limited interference is to be tolerated in preference to allowing the undoubted evil of money-laundering to run rife in the commercial community.† Therefore, even though such a disclosure may interfere with the relationship between the bank and RR, such interference will be necessary if it will be likely to prevent money laundering from taking place. The bank needs to be clear that an interference of RR’s account is appropriate on the circumstances, since a frozen bank account for a period of time has in the past been considered a ‘grave injustice’ in the case of Squirrell Limited v National Westminster Bank plc (Customs and Excise Commissioners intervening [2006] 1 WLR 637. Here, the customer’s funds were frozen resulting in the customer being unable to afford the legal fees it would cost to challenge the decision. Therefore, if RR’s funds were frozen, which subsequently prevented RR from challenging the decision; it is unlikely that this would be deemed appropriate by the court. In accordance with this, it has been said that the test for suspicion is â€Å"a purely subjective matter† ( Medroft, 2010: 190). The decision as to whether the suspicion is reasonable will therefore depend upon whether Christian actually believed that the transaction was suspicious. If it cannot be found that this is the case, the interference cannot be considered justifiable and a breach of the customer’s human rights may also be established as in K Ltd. The bank will therefore be required to consider whether ‘reasonable grounds’ do actually exist, having regard to the elements constituting market abuse offences (Hudson and Hutchinson, 2009: 1). There are many inherent risks that are associated with disclosures and as such, it is vital that the bank is aware of its exact rights and obligations. In SHAH the court found that the bank did not act in an unreasonable manner which is likely to be the case in the instant situation. As such, it will most likely be difficult for RR to show that the bank had not acted in good faith. However, it could be argued that there was an unreasonable delay by the bank to make the disclosure under s. 338(2). As a result of this, the bank could be exposed to liability for breach of its duty of care (Medroft, 2010: 190). Whether this is acceptable remains an arguable subject but as expressed by Benjamin (2007: 62); â€Å"here the objective is not informed consent to risk but combating crime.à ¢â‚¬  Accordingly, it is therefore generally accepted that a bank’s interference will be justified on public policy grounds. The bank will still be subjected to many risks when making a disclosure, nonetheless, and must therefore consider whether the consequences of making a disclosure can be justified (Ellinger et al. 2010: 114). In addition, if the bank decides to make a disclosure, they must be careful not to allow the customer to find out as they can be found liable for ‘tipping off. This is another issue that may arise since a customer could become aware that a disclosure has been made simply due to the fact that their account has been suspended. It could be said that the bank is in a difficult situation as whatever option it takes, sanctions may still be imposed. As one judge noted in Governer Company of the Bank of Scotland v A Ltd [2000] Lloyd’s Rep Bank 271, 287; â€Å"the bank may commit a criminal offence if it pays or if it refuses to pay.† Furthermore, if the bank makes a disclosure based on its suspicions, which later turn out to be unfounded, the bank risks civil liability for breaching its contract with its customer (Ellinger et al: 2010: 114). This is because the bank will have frozen the customer’s account which would have prevented payments from being made in and out of the account. Because the banks have a significant burden imposed upon them when it comes to dealing with money laundering, some attempt has been made to ensure that banks acting in good faith will not face criminal liability. For example, it was held by the court in C v S [1999] 2 All ER 343 that â€Å"it would not normally be an abuse of process to prosecute a bank which was doing no more than obeying a court order for disclosure.† Still, it is necessary for the bank to consider all of the risks before considering whether to make a disclosure or not. Overall, it is necessary on the facts for the MLRO of BCD Bank to make a disclosure to NCA since it does appear that the suspicions are reasonable. This is based upon the transaction of ?15 million that was made recently as well as the text message that Christian has received. Whilst the bank would be required to examine the potential issues with disclosing such information and freezing the account of RR this appears necessary and in the public interest. It will most likely prevent money laundering activities from taking place and will ensure that Christian, the MLRO and the bank are complying with their obligations. References Bastable, G., and Yeo, N., (2011). Money Laundering Law and Regulation: A Practical Guide, Oxford University Press. Benjamin, J., (2007). Financial Law. OUP Oxford. Ellinger, E. P., Lomnicka, E., and Hare, C., (2011) Ellinger’s Modern Banking Law, (Oxford University Press. Ellinger, E. P., Lomnicka, E., and Hare, C., (2010) Ellinger’s Modern Banking Law. 5th Edition. OUP Oxford. Hislop, D., (2009). ‘Banks, SARS the Customer’ 159 New Law Journal 1099, Issue 7380. International Monetary Fund., (2011) Banking and Insurance, Business Economics. Medcroft, N., (2010). A Banker’s Liability for Damages Arising from Compliance with PT 7 POCA’ 4 Journal of International Banking and Financial Law 227, Issue 4. Medcroft, N., (2009). Refusing to Execute Payment Instructions Where a Bank Suspects Money Laundering. 4 Journal of International Banking and Financial Law 190, Issue 4. Hudson, D., and Hutchinson, K., (2009). Suspicious Transactions Reports: Reporting Obligations of Financial Institutions in the UK. Complinet, [Accessed 07 June, 2014]. Cases C v S [1999] 2 All ER 343 Governer Company of the Bank of Scotland v A Ltd [2000] Lloyd’s Rep Bank 271, 287 K Ltd v National Westminster Bank plc [2007] 1 WLR 311 R (on the application of UMBS Online Ltd [2007] WL 1292620 SHAH and another v HSBC private bank (UK) Ltd (2009) EWHC 79 (QB) Squirrell Limited v National Westminster Bank plc (Customs and Excise Commissioners intervening [2006] 1 WLR 637 Actions that the MLRO of BCD should take Given that Radovan Rankovich (RR) is allegedly wanted by the authorities in the Ukraine for criminal actions against the state, and has received a recent transfer of ?15 million from a Corporate Service Provider in Cyprus, it is likely that this would warrant a disclosure to NCA for investigation. In accordance with this, the MLRO will be required to file a Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) with NCA and subsequently liaise with them to deal with this matter accordingly (Ellinger et al; 2011: 97). Part 7 of POCA makes it a requirement for banks to make a disclosure to NCA if they reasonably suspect that a person is involved in money laundering (s. 329). If the MLRO fails to make such a disclosure then he or she may be found criminally liable under this Act for a failure to disclose (s. 331). This is because a person commits an offence under s. 329 if they; acquire, use or have possession of, criminal property. Since a bank would fall within the scope of this section, it is possible that BCD Bank would be subject to criminal proceedings if they failed to take the appropriate action and thus make the relevant disclosures. If the MLRO does not believe that the grounds of suspicion are sufficient to report the matter to NCA, then the MLRO will be required to make further inquiries (International Monetary Fund, 2011: 65). Once the MLRO has made a report to NCA, the report will be ‘protected’ under s. 337 so that nothing in the report shall be taken to breach any restriction on the disclosure of information. Given that BCD Bank may have engaged in money laundering by allowing RR’s transactions to take place, they may have a defence under s. 338 if they make demonstrate that they made the disclosure as soon as possible. Similar provisions also apply under th e TA if the person is also suspected of terrorist financing. As Christian has received a text message stating that RR is wanted by the authorities in the Ukraine for criminal actions against the state, it is likely that the MLRO will also be required to comply with the provisions under the TA for a reasonable suspicion of terrorist financing. An obligation to report under the TA will therefore arise which means that the MLRO will be required to disclose the identity of RR, any information that relates to the matter and the whereabouts of the laundered property. There are two different types of report that may be made by the MLRO, namely protected reports and authorised reports. A protected disclosure is made by a person during the course of their trade, profession or employment. This type of disclosure is generally made by a person who is carrying our professional activities. An authorised disclosure is made by a person who is about to commit a prohibited act or has already committed a prohibited act (Bastable and Yeo, 2011: 108). Since the bank has already dealt with the property that is suspected of being laundered, it is more appropriate for an authorised disclosure to be made. The MLRO will also be required to obtain consent from NCA under ss. 335 and 336 to determine whether Christian can action any further transfers out of RR’s account. This will be done by making a ‘consent report’ to NCA, which will then block any transactions for seven working days. If NCA gives consent to the MLRO, the MLRO will then be able to give consent to Christian to carry out the transactions (Bastable and Yeo, 2011: 108). If NCA refuse consent, however, the proposed transactions will be frozen for a further 31 days, unless consent is granted during that period; R (on the application of UMBS Online Ltd [2007] WL 1292620. The Risks and Issues for the Bank This particular issue regarding RR is likely to be problematic for the BCD Bank as they will want to act in the best interests of their customer, namely RR, so that they remain in business with them whilst at the same time they are required to fulfil certain obligations imposed upon them by law. Because BCD will be required to disclose their suspicions even if RR has not acted in a criminal manner, this will have a damaging effect upon RR’s reputation and as put by Hislop (2009); â€Å"absent bad faith, little more than a â€Å"bad feeling† can trigger a banks disclosure obligations under POCA 2002, with in some cases catastrophic commercial consequences for the customer and a damning of his hitherto â€Å"good name† in the business community.† If the banks suspicions are incorrect, this can be significantly detrimental for RR. As such, the bank will need to be careful that they are striking a balance between the interests of RR with its duties to disclose . In the recent case of SHAH and another v HSBC private bank (UK) Ltd (2009) EWHC 79 (QB) the implications Part 7 has upon the rights of the individual and the banking business was clearly highlighted. Here, it was demonstrated that where a bank makes a SAR in respect of a suspicious transaction, they may not be provided with protection if the customer decides to challenge the banks suspicions in the future. This is so, despite the fact that a criminal offence may have been committed if the bank failed to make such a disclosure. Customers will have a right to challenge the banks suspicions with the bank then being required to prove that the suspicion was reasonable. It may be difficult to determine how the bank can justify making a disclosure since it was made clear by the court in this case that â€Å"the defendant must think that there is a possibility, which is more than fanciful, that the relevant facts exist. A vague feeling of unease would not suffice.† The bank will therefore be taking a risk in many any disclosure, especially this one since it will have to be shown that the text message was sufficient enough for a disclosure to be made. Furthermore, even if the circu mstances do render a disclosure justified, the bank’s decision may still be challenged which can be costly and time consuming. In K Ltd v National Westminster Bank plc [2007] 1 WLR 311 it was noted by the Court that; â€Å"to intervene between a banker and his customer in the performance of the contract of mandate is a serious interference with the free flow of trade. But Parliament has considered that a limited interference is to be tolerated in preference to allowing the undoubted evil of money-laundering to run rife in the commercial community.† Therefore, even though such a disclosure may interfere with the relationship between the bank and RR, such interference will be necessary if it will be likely to prevent money laundering from taking place. The bank needs to be clear that an interference of RR’s account is appropriate on the circumstances, since a frozen bank account for a period of time has in the past been considered a ‘grave injustice’ in the case of Squirrell Limited v National Westminster Bank plc (Customs and Excise Commissioners intervening [2006] 1 WLR 637. Here, the customer’s funds were frozen resulting in the customer being unable to afford the legal fees it would cost to challenge the decision. Therefore, if RR’s funds were frozen, which subsequently prevented RR from challenging the decision; it is unlikely that this would be deemed appropriate by the court. In accordance with this, it has been said that the test for suspicion is â€Å"a purely subjective matter† ( Medroft, 2010: 190). The decision as to whether the suspicion is reasonable will therefore depend upon whether Christian actually believed that the transaction was suspicious. If it cannot be found that this is the case, the interference cannot be considered justifiable and a breach of the customer’s human rights may also be established as in K Ltd. The bank will therefore be required to consider whether ‘reasonable grounds’ do actually exist, having regard to the elements constituting market abuse offences (Hudson and Hutchinson, 2009: 1). There are many inherent risks that are associated with disclosures and as such, it is vital that the bank is aware of its exact rights and obligations. In SHAH the court found that the bank did not act in an unreasonable manner which is likely to be the case in the instant situation. As such, it will most likely be difficult for RR to show that the bank had not acted in good faith. However, it could be argued that there was an unreasonable delay by the bank to make the disclosure under s. 338(2). As a result of this, the bank could be exposed to liability for breach of its duty of care (Medroft, 2010: 190). Whether this is acceptable remains an arguable subject but as expressed by Benjamin (2007: 62); â€Å"here the objective is not informed consent to risk but combating crime.à ¢â‚¬  Accordingly, it is therefore generally accepted that a bank’s interference will be justified on public policy grounds. The bank will still be subjected to many risks when making a disclosure, nonetheless, and must therefore consider whether the consequences of making a disclosure can be justified (Ellinger et al. 2010: 114). In addition, if the bank decides to make a disclosure, they must be careful not to allow the customer to find out as they can be found liable for ‘tipping off. This is another issue that may arise since a customer could become aware that a disclosure has been made simply due to the fact that their account has been suspended. It could be said that the bank is in a difficult situation as whatever option it takes, sanctions may still be imposed. As one judge noted in Governer Company of the Bank of Scotland v A Ltd [2000] Lloyd’s Rep Bank 271, 287; â€Å"the bank may commit a criminal offence if it pays or if it refuses to pay.† Furthermore, if the bank makes a disclosure based on its suspicions, which later turn out to be unfounded, the bank risks civil liability for breaching its contract with its customer (Ellinger et al: 2010: 114). This is because the bank will have frozen the customer’s account which would have prevented payments from being made in and out of the account. Because the banks have a significant burden imposed upon them when it comes to dealing with money laundering, some attempt has been made to ensure that banks acting in good faith will not face criminal liability. For example, it was held by the court in C v S [1999] 2 All ER 343 that â€Å"it would not normally be an abuse of process to prosecute a bank which was doing no more than obeying a court order for disclosure.† Still, it is necessary for the bank to consider all of the risks before considering whether to make a disclosure or not. Overall, it is necessary on the facts for the MLRO of BCD Bank to make a disclosure to NCA since it does appear that the suspicions are reasonable. This is based upon the transaction of ?15 million that was made recently as well as the text message that Christian has received. Whilst the bank would be required to examine the potential issues with disclosing such information and freezing the account of RR this appears necessary and in the public interest. It will most likely prevent money laundering activities from taking place and will ensure that Christian, the MLRO and the bank are complying with their obligations. References Bastable, G., and Yeo, N., (2011). Money Laundering Law and Regulation: A Practical Guide, Oxford University Press. Benjamin, J., (2007). Financial Law. OUP Oxford. Ellinger, E. P., Lomnicka, E., and Hare, C., (2011) Ellinger’s Modern Banking Law, (Oxford University Press. Ellinger, E. P., Lomnicka, E., and Hare, C., (2010) Ellinger’s Modern Banking Law. 5th Edition. OUP Oxford. Hislop, D., (2009). ‘Banks, SARS the Customer’ 159 New Law Journal 1099, Issue 7380. International Monetary Fund., (2011) Banking and Insurance, Business Economics. Medcroft, N., (2010). A Banker’s Liability for Damages Arising from Compliance with PT 7 POCA’ 4 Journal of International Banking and Financial Law 227, Issue 4. Medcroft, N., (2009). Refusing to Execute Payment Instructions Where a Bank Suspects Money Laundering. 4 Journal of International Banking and Financial Law 190, Issue 4. Hudson, D., and Hutchinson, K., (2009). Suspicious Transactions Reports: Reporting Obligations of Financial Institutions in the UK. Complinet, [Accessed 07 June, 2014]. Cases C v S [1999] 2 All ER 343 Governer Company of the Bank of Scotland v A Ltd [2000] Lloyd’s Rep Bank 271, 287 K Ltd v National Westminster Bank plc [2007] 1 WLR 311 R (on the application of UMBS Online Ltd [2007] WL 1292620 SHAH and another v HSBC private bank (UK) Ltd (2009) EWHC 79 (QB) Squirrell Limited v National Westminster Bank plc (Customs and Excise Commissioners intervening [2006] 1 WLR 637

Comparison of Scripting Languages Research Paper

Comparison of Scripting Languages - Research Paper Example They are categorized into scientific concerned and general purpose scripting languages. Examples of scientific based one are Matlab and Octave while those of general purpose are python and Perl. However, we are going to compare and contrast Matlab, Python, and Octave scripting languages by analyzing. According to Chapman, Matlab is a computer program enhanced to perform scientific and engineering calculations (2008). It started as a program to calculate matrix mathematics but with time, it improved to a malleable calculating program capable of resolvingbasically any technical difficult. Python is a dynamically, securely, and powerfully typed language. Python offers the clean and easy word order of the prevalent scientific calculating environments, grounded on your preferredhigh-performance FORTRAN, C, and C++ codes (Langtangen, 2008). While Octave is software, same as Matlab that has a well-matched scripting interface. However, Octave image processing purposes are not as broad as tho se provided by Matlab. Python, Matlab, and Octave scripting languages have many things in common. They have no affirmation of variables, and simple and suitable word order that make them easy to use ad to learn. In addition, they easily go together with GUIs, simulation, and visualization. However, Matlab and Octave are more independent languages, while Python requires coupling with several other packages in order to make an environment of reasonable functionality. Federico argues that, dynamic typing is easily found in scripting languages such as Python, while in Matlab and Octave both dynamic and static typing is found (2010). In addition, Python is much stronger programming language compared to Matlab and Octave making it the most convenient to use in computing scientific calculations. However, this python feature makes it to be preferred to by scientists can perform weighty operations compared to Matlab and Octave. The time needed to load and change input files folder of the Mat lab, Octave, and Python differ considerably. Python is the fastest followed by Matlab and Octave respectively. These show that Python can load fastest compared to the other two, however, it is the best in loading. In terms of the power structure examination, Python has the best performance compared to Matlab and Octave. This makes it efficient in the calculation and extremely fast compared to Matlab, though, Octave is the slowest of all. These clearly illustrate that Python programming language is stronger compared to Matlab and Octave. The Python, Matlab, and Octave environments differ considerably. The Python environment is incredibly open and is made in such a way that external tool can be integrated with it. For example, calling a program like FORTRAN from the Python is extremely easier, and the Python borders can take benefit of object- concerned scheme and easy gluing to GUIs, and visualization. However, calculating with FORTRAN from these boarders can be done in either short scripts or interacting full over a Python shell. Therefore, Python interfaces can be used to existing libraries like a way of making your own custom-made environment for resolving predicaments. Conversely, Matlab and Octave environments are not open, therefore, they cannot be easily be integrated with external tools. The characteristic of the toolbox of the Python, Matlab, and Octave also differ according to how can be contained. In Matlab and Octave, the toolbox is mostly characterized by a